PKM2-mediated neuronal hyperglycolysis enhances the risk of Parkinson's disease in diabetic rats / 药物分析学报

Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that pre-existing diabetes increases the risk of Parkinson's disease(PD).However,the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear.In the present study,we found that high glucose(HG)levels in the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)of diabetic rats might enhance the effect of a subthreshold dose of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)on the development of motor disorders,and the damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal pathway.In vitro,HG promoted the 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells differentiated to neurons with nerve growth factor(NGF)(NGF-PC12).Metabolomics showed that HG promoted hyperglycolysis in neurons and impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA cycle)activity,which was closely related to abnormal mito-chondrial fusion,thus resulting in mitochondrial loss.Interestingly,HG-induced upregulation of pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2)combined with 6-OHDA exposure not only mediated glycolysis but also promoted abnormal mitochondrial fusion by upregulating the expression of MFN2 in NGF-PC12 cells.In addition,we found that PKM2 knockdown rescued the abnormal mitochondrial fusion and cell apoptosis induced by HG+6-OHDA.Furthermore,we found that shikonin(SK),an inhibitor of PKM2,restored the mito-chondrial number,promoted TCA cycle activity,reversed hyperglycolysis,enhanced the tolerance of cultured neurons to 6-OHDA,and reduced the risk of PD in diabetic rats.Overall,our results indicate that diabetes promotes hyperglycolysis and abnormal mitochondrial fusion in neurons through the upre-gulation of PKM2,leading to an increase in the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to 6-OHDA.Thus,the inhibition of PKM2 and restoration of mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis/pathways may prevent the occurrence and development of diabetic PD.

Molecular mechanism of ligustilide attenuating OGD/R injury in PC12 cells by inhibiting ferroptosis / 中国中药杂志

The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism of ligustilide, the main active constituent of essential oils of traditional Chinese medicine Angelicae Sinensis Radix, on alleviating oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R) injury in PC12 cells from the perspective of ferroptosis. OGD/R was induced in vitro, and 12 h after ligustilide addition during reperfusion, cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) assay. DCFH-DA staining was used to detect the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS). Western blot was employed to detect the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins, glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), transferrin receptor 1(TFR1), and solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11), and ferritinophagy-related proteins, nuclear receptor coactivator 4(NCOA4), ferritin heavy chain 1(FTH1), and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3). The fluorescence intensity of LC3 protein was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. The content of glutathione(GSH), malondialdehyde(MDA), and Fe was detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay. The effect of ligustilide on ferroptosis was observed by overexpression of NCOA4 gene. The results showed that ligustilide increased the viability of PC12 cells damaged by OGD/R, inhibited the release of ROS, reduced the content of Fe and MDA and the expression of TFR1, NCOA4, and LC3, and improved the content of GSH and the expression of GPX4, SLC7A11, and FTH1 compared with OGD/R group. After overexpression of the key protein NCOA4 in ferritinophagy, the inhibitory effect of ligustilide on ferroptosis was partially reversed, indicating that ligustilide may alleviate OGD/R injury of PC12 cells by blocking ferritinophagy and then inhibiting ferroptosis. The mechanism by which ligustilide reduced OGD/R injury in PC12 cells is that it suppressed the ferroptosis involved in ferritinophagy.

Mechanism of total flavonoids of Rhododendra simsii in alleviating ischemic brain injury / 中国中药杂志

This study explores the effect of total flavonoids of Rhododendra simsii(TFR) on middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)-induced cerebral injury in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R) injury in PC12 cells and the underlying mechanism. The MCAO method was used to induce focal ischemic cerebral injury in rats. Male SD rats were randomized into sham group, model group, and TFR group. After MCAO, TFR(60 mg·kg~(-1)) was administered for 3 days. The content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1(IL-1), and interleukin-6(IL-6) in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The pathological changes of brain tissue and cerebral infarction were observed based on hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC) staining. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of calcium release-activated calcium channel modulator 1(ORAI1), stromal interaction molecule 1(STIM1), stromal intera-ction molecule 2(STIM2), protein kinase B(PKB), and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3(caspase-3) in brain tissues. The OGD/R method was employed to induce injury in PC12 cells. Cells were randomized into the normal group, model group, gene silencing group, TFR(30 μg·mL~(-1)) group, and TFR(30 μg·mL~(-1))+gene overexpression plasmid group. Intracellular Ca~(2+) concentration and apoptosis rate of PC12 cells were measured by laser scanning confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The effect of STIM-ORAI-regulated store-operated calcium entry(SOCE) pathway on TFR was explored based on gene silencing and gene overexpression techniques. The results showed that TFR significantly alleviated the histopathological damage of brains in MCAO rats after 3 days of admini-stration, reduced the contents of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in the serum, down-regulated the expression of ORAI1, STIM1, STIM2, and caspase-3 genes, and up-regulated the expression of PKB gene in brain tissues of MCAO rats. TFR significantly decreased OGD/R induced Ca~(2+) overload and apoptosis in PC12 cells. However, it induced TFR-like effect by ORAI1, STIM1 and STIM2 genes silencing. However, overexpression of these genes significantly blocked the effect of TFR in reducing Ca~(2+) overload and apoptosis in PC12 cells. In summary, in the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and OGD/R-induced injury in PC12 cells TFR attenuates ischemic brain injury by inhibiting the STIM-ORAI-regulated SOCE pathway and reducing Ca~(2+) overload and inflammatory factor expression, and apoptosis.

Macular microstructural changes in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after silicone oil tamponade evaluated by SD-OCT / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To evaluate the macular microstructural changes in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)after silicone oil tamponade by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT).METHODS:From November 2019 to July 2021, 27 patients with 27 eyes in RRD who underwent vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade in Cangzhou Aier Eye Hospital were enrolled in this study as the observation group, other 30 healthy volunteers with 30 eyes were included in the control group. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of patients before and after operation were observed, and quantified evaluation of the postoperative macular microstructural changes were performed by SD-OCT.RESULTS: The BCVA(LogMAR)of the observation group at 1wk and 3mo after operation(0.61±0.23, 0.69±0.34)were improved compared with those before operation(1.43±0.77)(all P<0.01). The cube volume and average cube thickness in the macular area at 3mo after operation in the observation group were lower than those at 1wk and 1mo after operation in the control group(all P<0.05). There were no differences in the average ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer(GCIPL)thickness, minimum GCIPL thickness, average macular retinal nerve fiber layer(mRNFL)thickness and minimum mRNFL thickness at 1wk, 1 and 3mo after operation in the observation group, but all decreased compared with the control group(all P<0.01). There were 9 eyes with subretinal fluid(SRF)in the observation group during postoperative follow-up, SRF had a tendency to be gradually absorbed, but 1 eye had a secondary macular hole; 3 eyes had ellipsoid zone disruption, which had a tendency to be gradually repaired; 2 eyes had submacular perfluorocarbon liquid; 2 eyes had macular edema.CONCLUSION: SD-OCT can show the microstructure and morphological changes very well in macular area in patients with RRD after silicone oil tamponade, and has important clinical value for the preoperative and postoperative follow-up evaluation of RRD.

Effect of Shaoyaotang on Inflammatory Cytokines and Intestinal Flora in Rats with Dampness-heat Diarrhea / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Shaoyaotang on diarrhea， inflammation， and intestinal flora in rats with dampness-heat diarrhea and explore the mechanism of therapeutic principle "treating incontinent syndrome with dredging method" of Shaoyaotang. MethodThe dampness-heat diarrhea model was induced by high temperature， high humidity， high sugar and fat diet， and pathogenic factors. The rats were divided into normal group， model group （normal saline）， Shaoyaotang group （5.62 g·kg-1）， Rhei Radix et Rhizoma （RRER）-free Shaoyaotang group （5.15 g·kg-1）， and RRER group （0.01 g·kg-1）. The rats were treated correspondingly for five days， twice a day in the morning and evening. The diarrhea index was used to evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of each group three hours after the administration in the evening. The levels of tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α， interleukin （IL）-1β， IL-2， and IL-6 in the serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） three hours after the last administration. The structure of intestinal flora in feces was characterized by 16sDNA. ResultCompared with the model group， the Shaoyaotang group， the RRER-free Shaoyaotang group， and the RRER group showed reduced diarrhea index （P<0.01）， with the onset rates ranking as the Shaoyaotang group>the RRER-free Shaoyaotang group>the RRER group. Those three groups with drug intervention all showed decreased levels of inflammatory factors （P<0.01）， especially the Shaoyaotang group， and no significant difference was observed between the RRER group and the RRER-free Shaoyaotang group. The abundance of pathogenic bacteria and conditioned pathogens （e.g. Escherichia-Shigella， Prevotella， Enterorhabdus， and Bacteroides） was reduced and the proliferation of probiotics （such as Ruminococcus， Turicibacter， and Lachnospiraceae） was increased in the groups with drug intervention （P<0.01）. For the structure of intestinal flora， the RRER group and the Shaoyaotang group were close to the normal group， and the RRER-free Shaoyaotang group was different from the other three groups （P<0.01）. ConclusionShaoyaotang can improve the outcome of rats with dampness-heat diarrhea through anti-inflammation and regulation of intestinal flora disorders. RRER in the prescription plays a key role in reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria and promoting the proliferation of probiotics， which is the key of Shaoyaotang in promoting the re-balance of intestinal flora. It also confirms the scientificity of treating dampness-heat diarrhea with RRER following the therapeutic principle "treating incontinent syndrome with dredging method".

Establishment of UPLC Fingerprint of Hefu Zhiyang Decoction and Content Determination of 8 Components / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish th e fingerp rint and c onduct cluster analysis of Hefu zhiyang decoction （HFZYD），and establish the method for content determination of 8 components，so as to provide reference for the quality control of HFZYD. METHODS：UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on ACQUITY UPLC BEH C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.1％ glacial acetic acid solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The column temperature maintained at 30 ℃，and detection wavelength was 236 nm. The sample size was 5 μL. The fingerprint of 10 batches of HFZYD was established with Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatographic Fingerprints （2012 edition）. Compared with substance control ，the common peaks were identified. The similarity evaluation was conducted. SPSS 21.0 software was used to conduct cluster analysis of 10 batches of samples. The contents of 8 components such as gallic acid in 10 batches of samples were determined by above UPLC. RESULTS ：There were 34 common peaks in the UPLC fingerprint of 10 batches of HFZYD ， identified as peak 1 was gallic acid ，peak 10 was ferulic acid ，peak 13 was astilbin ，peak 23 was paeonol ，peak 28 was dictamnine，peak 31 was obacunone ，peak 32 was fraxinellone ，and peak 34 was osthole. Its similarity with the control fingerprint was 0.923-0.979. Among 10 batches of samples ，S1，S2，S5，S6，S7，S8 and S 10 were clustered into one category ，and S 3，S4 and S 9 were clustered into one category. The average contents of above 8 components were 0.596-0.714，0.262-0.321，7.647-9.859， 0.113-0.644，0.170-0.202，0.854-1.281，0.631-0.857，3.243-3.548 mg/g，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：UPLC fingerprint and the method for content determination of 8 components in HFZYD are established successfully.

Discussion on Some Problems of the Items in Chinese Patent Medicine Instruction in National Essential Medicine List / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To investigate and study the problems in the items labeling of Chinese patent medicine instructions in National Essential Medicines List ，and to provide reference for rational drug use and instruction revision. METHODS ：Totally 268 Chinese patent medicines contained in the 2018 edition of National Essential Medicines List ，including 465 instructions of different . An dard docetaxel as first-line therapy in patients with meta - economic evaluation of docetaxel and paclitaxel regimens in metastatic breast cancer in the UK[J]. Pharmacoeco - dosage forms ，were collected ，and the labeling rate and content problems of drug instructions were counted. RESULTS ：Of the 465 instructions，86.88％ were labeled with cautions. The labeling rates of ADR ，pharmacokinetics，contraindications，drug interactions ， clinical trials ，pharmacological toxicology and pharmacological action were low ，being 20.64％，0.21％，30.1％，1.07％，2.36％， 8.81％，1.93％. All other items were labeled. Incomplete description of ingredients ，incomplete information of decoction pieces and excipients accounted for 2.15％ and 48.81％，respectively；the expression of functional indications was varied ，and there were 12 expression methods ，among which 16.5％ of indications lacked TCM indications ；specifications were not uniform ，and there were 5 expression methods ；usage and dosage were not clearly marked ，and 465 instructions did not mention the usage and dosage for the elderly or pregnant and lactating women. Drug interactions ，ADR，matters needing attention and contraindications were not fully described with no substantive content ；only 0.64％ marked interaction with chemical medicine and 12.68％ marked contraindication content. CONCLUSIONS ：There are some problems in the description of Chinese patent medicine instructions in 2018 edition of National Essential Medicine List ，such as non-standard and incomplete. It is suggested to strengthen efforts to establish and improve the information collection and feedback mechanism of Chinese patent medicine ，and introduce policies to support enterprises to carry out basic and clinical research after listing ；and through actively carrying out basic and clinical research in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine ，guided by the theory of traditional Chinese medicine ，combined with the latest research results ，so as to further improve the contents of Chinese patent medicine instructions.

UPLC quantitative analysis of Paridis Rhizoma and its comprehensive evaluation of chemical quality / 中草药

Objective: To explore the content of seven active compounds in 10 kinds of medicinal herbs of Paridis Rhizoma, and to carry out chemical composition integration evaluation, which provides a scientific basis for its resource utilization. Methods: A total of 55 batches of medicinal herbs were collected from different areas, and their saponins I, saponins II, saponins VI, saponins VII, diosgenin, saponins H, and saponins were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography. Then, TOPSIS model was used to normalize the content results and integrate the multi-indicator data to obtain a comprehensive index of content of seven active compounds. Results: The 10 kinds of medicinal herbs of Paridis Rhizoma were ranked from long to low was Paris forrestii (Ci = 0.275 5) > Paris polyphylla (Ci = 0.273 2) > Paris daliensis (Ci = 0.269 8) > Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Ci = 0.244 5) > Paris vietnamensis (Ci = 0.234 5) > Paris polyphylla var. stenophylla (Ci = 0.159 1) > Paris thibetica (Ci = 0.141 6) > Paris polyphylla var. nana (Ci = 0.117 8) > P. vietnamensis (Ci = 0.115 1) > Paris mairei (Ci = 0.114 9), indicating that comprehensive quality of 10 kinds of medicinal herbs of Paridis Rhizoma had a large gap. The overall quality of P. forrestii, P. polyphylla and P. daliensis are better than that of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, and the comprehensive evaluation results of P. vietnamensis and P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis are closer that can be used as an alternative species for resource mining. Conclusion: The comprehensive evaluation of chemical quality has certain reference value for the quality evaluation of Paridis Rhizoma

Effect of moxibustion on body weight and peripheral and cerebral cortical IL-6 and IL-10 levels in fatigue rats / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of moxibustion at "Zusanli"(ST36) on peripheral and central IL-6, IL-10 and IL-10/IL-6 changes in fatigue rats, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying relief of fatigue. METHODS: Twenty-one male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, model and moxibustion groups with 7 rats in each group. The fatigue model was induced by exhausted weight-loaded swimming, once daily for 21 days. Moxibustion was applied to bilateral ST36 once every other day, for successive 11 times. The overall state and the body weight were observed. The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in the serum, gastrocnemius and frontal cortex tissues were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the body weight was significantly reduced on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day in the model group (P<0.05), and considerably increased on the 14th and 21st day in the moxibustion group relevant to the model group (P<0.05). After modeling, the levels of IL-6 in the serum, gastrocnemius and frontal cortex were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), while those of IL-10 was obviously decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01) in the model group relevant to the normal group, and ratio of IL-10/IL-6 was obviously decreased in the serum and frontal cortex of the model group relevant to the normal group (P<0.01). After the moxibustion intervention, the levels of IL-10 in the serum and frontal cortex were significantly increased (P<0.05), and ratio of IL-10/IL-6 in the serum and frontal cortex was significantly increased (P<0.01), while the IL-6 contents in the gastrocnemius and frontal cortex were notably decreased in the moxibustion group relevant to the model group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion can inhibit weight-loaded swimming induced decrease of body weight in fatigue rats, which may be associated with its effects in balancing the levels of peripheral and central pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.

Application of platelet-rich fibrin grafts in pterygium excision / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To compare the effect of platelet-rich fibrin(PRF)grafts and conjunctival-limbal autografts in pterygium excision.<p>METHODS: Totally 62 cases(62 eyes)of primary pterygium were randomly divided into group 1(32 eyes)and group 2(30 eyes). After pterygium excision, conjunctival-limbal autografts was performed in group 1 and PRF grafts was performed in group 2. PRF was prepared by centrifugation and compression of venous blood from patients before the surgery. The follow-up period was 6mo. The surgery time, complications and recurrence rate were evaluated and compared between the two groups.<p>RESULTS: The operation time of group 1 and group 2 were 27.3±4.3min and 22.0±4.0min respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups(<i>t</i>=4.990, <i>P</i><0.01). Conjunctival granuloma developed only in one eye in group 2 after the surgery, and there was no significant difference between group 1 and group 2(<i>P</i>=0.484). Pterygium recurred in one eye in group 1 and in one eye in group 2. There was also no significant difference in recurrence rate between group 1 and group 2(<i>P</i>=1.000). There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between group 1 with 14.69±2.44mmHg and group 2 with 14.96±2.93mmHg before the surgery(<i>t</i>=0.399, <i>P</i>=0.691). As well, there was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between group 1 with 14.68±1.65mmHg and group 2 with 15.11±2.12mmHg after the surgery(<i>t</i>=0.888, <i>P</i>=0.378). The dissolution time of PRF membrane in PRF grafts group was 3.5±0.8d.<p>CONCLUSION: The use of PRF in pterygium surgery is safe, effective, easier and timesaving. It's a promising method for clinical application.

Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Maternal Blood, Placental Size, and Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction: A Nested Case-control Study / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To explore the effects of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on placental size and birth outcomes.@*Methods@#Based on the perspective Wenzhou Birth Cohort, this nested case-control study included 101 fetal growth restriction (FGR) and 101 healthy newborns. Maternal serum samples were collected during the third trimester and measured for PBDEs by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The basic information of mother-newborn pairs was collected from questionnaires, whereas the placental size and birth outcomes of newborns were obtained from hospital records.@*Results@#A total of 19 brominated diphenyle ether (BDE) congeners were detected in maternal serum samples. Higher concentrations of BDE-207, -208, -209, and ∑ @*Conclusion@#A negative association was found between PBDE levels in maternal serum and placental size and birth outcomes. Prenatal PBDE exposure may be associated with elevated risk of the incidence of FGR birth.

Spectrum-effect Relationship of Anti-hepatoma Activity from 3 Kinds of Genus Paris Based on Cluster Analysis and Grey Relational Analysis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To study the spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and anti-hepatoma activity of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, P. forrestii and P. vietnamensis, and to elucidate its effective substance. Method::HPLC was used to establish the fingerprint of three extracts from the plant. The mobile phase was consisted of acetonitrile (A)-water (B) for gradient elution (0-10 min, 20%A; 10-20 min, 20%-25%A; 20-30 min, 25%-30%A; 30-40 min, 30%-35%A; 40-50 min, 35%-40%A; 50-60 min, 40%A; 60-75 min, 40%-45%A; 75-80 min, 45%-60%A), and the flow rate was 0.9 mL·min-1. The UV detection wavelength was 203 nm. Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) array was used to detect the inhibitory effects of three extracts on the proliferation of HepG2 cells, and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated. Cluster analysis and grey relational analysis were used to analyze the data of spectrum and efficacy, and to find out the components that contributed a lot to the anti-liver cancer effect. Result::A total of 11 common peaks were identified as common peaks among HPLC fingerprints of three kinds of Paris. After treated 72 h, P. forrestii has the highest inhibitory effect on the HepG2 cells, the IC50 of P. forrestii, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and P. vietnamensis were 148.33, 178.87, 208.09 mg·L-1, respectively. According to the grey relational analysis, the common peaks 1-10 from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis had great correlation to anti-tumor effect, and the common peaks 1-7 for P. forrestii, the common peaks 1-4, 6-10, N1 for P. vietnamensis, all the correlation degrees with IC50 were >0.7.Cluster analysis of variables in each Paris showed that peaks with correlation degree >0.7 could cluster with IC50. Conclusion::The established HPLC fingerprint method is reliable with good reproducibility. The peaks 1-4, 6 and 7 from three kinds of Paris have the greatest contribution to the anti-hepatoma effect.

Report Quality of Clinical Practice Guidelines of Rehabilitation Based on RIGHT / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To evaluate the quality of reporting of clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation.Methods A comprehensive retrieve was performed in electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, China Biology Medicine disc, Wanfang data, etc., from January 1, 2017 to January 11, 2020. Supplementary searches had been done on relevant websites. Two researchers reviewed literatures and assessed the reporting quality independently by using Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT), and any disagreements needed to be discussed in a consensus meeting.Results A total of 16 guidelines were included, with an average reporting rate of (44.8±27.9)%. Among the seven domains of RIGHT, basic information was reported the highest (57.3%), and evidence (31.3%) and other information (31.3%) was the lowest. The reporting rate was less as the guidelines published in China than in foreign contries (OR = 0.80, 95%CI 0.56-1.16), in original version than in update version (OR = 0.79, 95%CI 0.54-1.16); and higher as developed by various societies or associations than developed by non-societies or associations (OR = 1.15, 95%CI 0.82-1.61), however, no statistically significant difference was found in above comparisons.Conclusion Current clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation reported with low quality. It is proposed that future guideline developers should report guidelines after RIGHT statements, including key information and content, in order to improve the quality of reporting guidelines.

Effect of aerobic exercise on blood lipid of hyperlipidemia rats and its mechanism / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To explore the effect of aerobic exercise on blood lipid of hyperlipidemia rats and its mechanism. Methods A total of 120 healthy male SD rats aged 8 weeks were randomized into normal control group, high-fat diet (HF) group, SBC-115076 group and aerobic exercise group, with 30 rats in each group. The rats in the normal control group were fed with standard diet, and the rats in the other 3 groups were fed with HF to establish hyperlipidemia rat model. The rats in the SBC-115076 group were injected with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor SBC-115076 (8 mg/kg) once a week for 8 weeks, and the rats in the aerobic exercise group underwent swimming without load 6 days a week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and the blood samples were collected to determine the levels of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Pathological changes of thoracic aorta were observed using H-E staining. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PCSK9, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) in the hepatic tissues were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results Compared with the normal control group, the levels of serum TG, TC and LDL of the rats were significantly higher in the HF group, and the level of HDL was significantly lower (P<0.01). Compared with the HF group, the levels of serum TG, TC and LDL of the rats were significantly lower in the SBC-115076 and aerobic exercise groups, and the level of HDL was significantly higher (P<0.01). In the HF rats, the aortic tunica intima was thickened and endothelial cells were damaged and exfoliated. Compared with the HF group, the aortic intima thickening was reduced and endothelial damage was less in the aerobic exercise group. Compared with the normal control group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of PCSK9, SREBP1 and SREBP2 were significantly higher in the HF group, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of LDLR were significantly lower (P<0.01). Compared with the HF group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of PCSK9, SREBP1 and SREBP2 were significantly lower, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of LDLR were significantly higher (P<0.01). Conclusion Aerobic exercise can down-regulate the expression of TG, TC and LDL, up-regulate the expression of HDL, and alleviate the intimal thickening of aorta. The mechanism may be related to down-regulating the expression of PCSK9 and SREBPs, thus eliminating the inhibition of LDLR.

Rapid identification of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its closely relative species by infrared spectroscopy combined with morphological characteristics / 中草药

Objective: To explore morphology and infrared spectrum identification evidence of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its closely relative species, and further analyze their genetic relationship to provide basis for the development and utilization of medicinal plant resources of genus Paris. Methods: The morphology and infrared spectrum of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its closely relative species were studied systematically and compared with each other. The original infrared spectra data were pretreated by automatic baseline correction, automatic smoothing, ordinate normalization, and second derivative, and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results: There were typical characteristics of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its closely relative species, such as plant size, leaves, veins, sepals, petals, flower pavilions and stamens, which could provide morphological identification evidence. There were obviously differences of the second derivative in 3 000-2 000 cm-1 and the fingerprint in 1 800-500 cm-1 in the six types of genus Paris. Both HCA and PLS-DA could better distinguish Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its closely relative species, which could provide an infrared spectral identified evidence. The Results: of HCA showed that P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, P. polyphylla var. chinensis, P. polyphylla, P. polyphylla var. stenophylla and P. polyphylla var. nana were relatively close. Conclusion: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with original plant morphological identification can quickly identify P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its closely relative species, which will provide a scientific basis for the cultivation, clinical application, and resource development of genus Paris.

Determination and Analysis of Heavy Metals of Paridis Rhizoma from Different Localities and Pieces / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze and determine heavy metal content in Paridis Rhizoma from different genus and localities,in order to provide a reference for selecting cultivation areas and establishing the quality standard of Paridis Rhizoma of heavy metals content. Method:Microwave digestion method combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry method (ICP-AES) method were applied to determine the contents of 6 heavy metals,i.e. As,Cu,Hg,Cd,Pb and Cr in 39 samples of Paridis Rhizoma of different genus and localities in Yunnan Province. Cluster analysis,statistical analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to compare the differences of heavy metals contents in different localities and species. Result:The contents of six heavy metals in Paridis Rhizoma met the ISO international standard of Heavy Metal Limit of Traditional Chinese Medicine-traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials. Under the limited value standard of Green Trade Standards of Importing Medicinal Plants and Preparations,the over-standard rate of heavy metal As was 15.4%,the excess rate of Cd was 5.1%,and the excess rate of Pb was 2.6%. The contents of Cu and Hg conformed to relevant requirements. Cluster analysis,statistical analysis and principal component analysis showed that for the same variety,differences in producing places had significant effects on heavy metal content,while differences in species had little effects. Conclusion:The results of this study indicated that the heavy metal content of Paris planted in and around Dali basically conformed to relevant standards. The differences of heavy metal content in Paris were mainly regional differences,which provided a theoretical basis for standardizing the cultivation of medicinal materials and formulating the limit standards of heavy metals for Paridis Rhizoma.

Research Progress on Herbaceous,Material Basis and Mechanism of Antidiabetic of Polygonatum Species / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Genus Polygonatum,belonging to the Liliaceae family,is mostly medicine food homology species,which have been documented as treating " dry mouth,less food,and internal heat and thirst" in medical ancient books. In traditional Chinese medicine clinic,it was used to treat diabetes,hyperlipemia and asa rehabilitation therapy of cancer. With deepening the basic research and industrial development of this genus,the bioactive component groups and their action mechanisms of prevention and treatment of diabetes and diabetic complication continue to be revealed. By consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicine and modern literature,the research on the herbology,material basis and mechanism of the genus Polygonatum were reviewed. The result indicated that the plants of Polygonatum were used for the treatment of diabetes,based on the ancient herbal literature and modern research,the polysaccharides,flavonoids and saponins were their active ingredients. Among them,the significant chemical constituents of decreasing blood glucose were Polygonatum polysaccharides,and the flavonoids and saponins also have this function. Although some scholars have studied the anti-diabetic efficacy and material basis of genus of Polygonatum,the pharmacodynamics,mechanism and metabolic pathways are not clear. Therefore,further strengthening of the related research of genus of Polygonatum,especially use of modern scientific and technological research to clarify the material basis of its efficacy,and mechanisms,are crucial to accelerate the modernization and development of anti-diabetic drugs and utilization of genus of Polygonatum.

Optimization of Purification Process of Total Alkaloid Extract of Berberis dictyophylla Cortex by Macroporous Resin and Investigation of Its Quality Standard / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To optimize purification process of total alkaloid extract of Berberis dictyophylla cortex by macroporous resin,and to establish its quality standard. Method: Acid dye colorimetry was used to investigate the purification process of total alkaloid extract of B. dictyophylla cortex,the process parameters included concentration of sample solution,speed of sampling,diameter-height ratio of resin column,water washing amount,concentration and dosage of eluent,flow rate of elution,etc.In order to determine the optimum process,HPLC was employed to determine the contents of four alkaloids(magnoflorine,jatrorrhizine hydrochloride,palmatine hydrochloride,and berberine hydrochloride) with mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution for gradient elution and detection wavelength at 270 nm.After being purified,quality standard of total alkaloid extract of B. dictyophylla cortex was investigated according to the requirements in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Result: Optimal purification conditions were as following:10 g of HPD100 macroporous adsorption resin with a column diameter-height ratio of 1:8,sampling solution concentration of 11 g·L-1,the loading flow rate of 1 mL·min-1,sampling solution volume of 50 mL,washed with 4 BV of water(1 BV=15 mL) and added 9 BV of 30% ethanol,after being purified,the transfer rate of total alkaloids was>80%,and its purity was>65%.The quality standard of total alkaloid extract of B. dictyophylla cortex was established,there were 19 common peaks in the characteristic chromatogram,and the overall similarity was>0.99. Conclusion: This optimized purification process is stable and feasible, and the established quality standard is controllable.

Effect of Berbamine Hydrochloride on Intestinal Absorption Characteristics of Berberine Hydrochloride by Rat Everted Intestinal Sac Model / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of berbamine hydrochloride on the absorption characteristics of berberine hydrochloride in different intestinal segments of rats in normal environment and high calcium environment. Method: Taking rat everted intestinal sac model,the content of berberine hydrochloride in absorbent solution of everted intestinal sac from different compatibility groups was determined by HPLC,and the uptake per unit area in different groups was analyzed by One-way ANOVA. Result: Compared with the normal J70 group(in normal environment,the concentration of berberine hydrochloride was 70 mg·L-1) at the same time point,the uptake per unit area of the normal J70+Ver100 group(in normal environment,the concentration of berberine hydrochloride was 70 mg·L-1,adding verapamil hydrochloride to a concentration of 100 mg·L-1) was significantly increased in the ileum(P-1,adding berbamine hydrochloride to a concentration of 35 mg·L-1) were significantly increased in the duodenum(P-1,adding berbamine hydrochloride to a concentration of 70 mg·L-1) were significantly increased in the ileum(PConclusion: Berbamine hydrochloride can promote the absorption of berberine hydrochloride in intestine to a certain extent,especially in the high calcium environment.

Ideas for New Drug Discovery of Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy Based on “Holistic View” in Tibetan Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diabetic nephropathy(DN) is a kind of severe diabetes mellitus(DM) complications,which is one of the most common cause of end-stage renal failure.The incidence of DN increases with the increase of the number of DM patients,and early prevention is the key.DM and DN are characteristic advantages of Tibetan medicine,the "holistic view" of dynamic balance based on the three major factors in the body(Sanyin,included rlung,mkhris-pa and bad-gan) is a unique understanding of DM and DN among Tibetan medical practitioners,and which has rich and unique clinical and medication experiences in DN treatment.This paper discussed the medical theory "holistic view" on the Tibetan medicine for DM and DN,dug commonly used Tibetan drugs and Tibetan medical prescriptions for clinical treatment of DN,in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of DN and the discovery of new drugs for DN, and give full play to the unique advantages of Tibetan medicine.